{"schemaVersion":"maha-epistemic/1.0","evidencePolicyVersion":"mps/0.1","generatedAt":"2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z","domain":{"slug":"synthetic-biology","name":"Synthetic biology and cellular engineering","description":"Molecular tools, cell systems, protocols, measurements, and safety boundaries represented with explicit experimental scope.","stressPoint":"Performance in a cell line, organoid, animal model, and human intervention are different evidence states and cannot be silently collapsed.","accent":"green"},"counts":{"graphRecords":2,"publicCanonicalRecords":1,"withheldRecords":1},"records":[{"id":"urn:maha:record:prime-editing","title":"Prime editing","recordKind":"concept","reviewState":"published-canonical","canonicalPath":"/knowledge/synthetic-biology/concepts/prime-editing","contentHash":"sha256:cc4e84661a12e5ba961a86a747355e30f3f5fcafee113c373a9455b0ab71278d","claims":[{"id":"urn:maha:claim:prime-editing-demonstration","statement":"The 2019 founding study demonstrated targeted substitutions, insertions, and deletions using prime editors in four human cell lines and primary post-mitotic mouse cortical neurons, with efficiency varying by edit and system.","claimKind":"empirical-claim","evidenceMaturity":"single-study","sourceIds":["source-anzalone-prime-editing-2019"],"scope":"The experiments, cell systems, loci, editor variants, assays, and comparisons reported in the founding Nature paper and its supplementary information.","boundary":"The experiments do not establish safe delivery, whole-organism efficacy, long-term clinical outcomes, or suitability for any individual treatment.","uncertainty":{"kind":"quantitative","statement":"The source reports experiment-specific means and variation; there is no single valid efficiency or error interval for prime editing across targets and biological systems.","interval":"See experiment-level figures and supplementary tables; not pooled into one value."},"replication":{"independentReplicationCount":null,"assessment":"This Phase 1 record is deliberately bounded to the founding study and does not yet compile independent replication evidence.","asOfDate":"2026-08-24"}}],"sources":[{"id":"source-anzalone-prime-editing-2019","title":"Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA","authors":["Andrew V. Anzalone","Peyton B. Randolph","Jessie R. Davis","Alexander A. Sousa","Luke W. Koblan","et al."],"publisher":"Nature","publishedAt":"2019-10-21","url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1711-4","identifiers":[{"scheme":"doi","value":"10.1038/s41586-019-1711-4"},{"scheme":"accession","value":"PRJNA565979"}],"exactLocator":"Abstract; Figures 1–5; Methods; Extended Data; Supplementary Tables 1–5.","rights":{"basis":"citation-with-paraphrase","quotationUsed":false,"note":"The Maha page paraphrases the reported method and scope, links to the version of record, and reproduces no paywalled passage."},"establishes":"The paper introduces the prime-editing architecture and reports targeted edit classes across specified human cell lines and primary mouse neurons with experiment-dependent efficiencies and byproducts.","boundary":"It is not clinical evidence, does not establish delivery to human tissues, and does not provide a universal safety or efficacy estimate for all prime-editor designs.","conflictsOfInterest":"The publisher record states that authors filed patent applications and identifies company relationships involving genome-editing technologies."}],"boundaries":["In-vitro or ex-vivo editing performance does not establish in-vivo delivery, safety, efficacy, or clinical benefit.","Efficiency and byproduct measurements are target-, editor-, protocol-, assay-, and cell-system-specific."],"prohibitedInferences":["Do not use this record as medical advice or as evidence that a disease can currently be treated safely with prime editing.","Do not generalize one experiment’s efficiency or off-target result to all prime editors, targets, tissues, or delivery systems."]},{"id":"urn:maha:record:general-clinical-readiness-prime-editing","title":"General clinical readiness of prime editing","recordKind":"hypothesis","reviewState":"draft","canonicalPath":null,"withheld":true,"gateReasons":["public-promotion-not-requested","review-state-not-canonical","publication-date-missing","approval-review-missing","claims-missing","sources-missing","sections-missing"]}]}